Tailoring HASE rheology through polymer design: Effects of hydrophobe size, acid content, and molecular weight

Hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion (HASE) polymers are an important class of rheology modifiers for waterborne coatings applications. They are typically prepared as terpolymers by emulsion polymerization of ethyl acrylate (EA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and an associative macromonomer. The viscosity development and shear responses of HASE solutions depend on a number of factors. This article presents rheological data reflecting the impacts of three key variables: hydrophobe size, acid content, and molecular weight, on model HASE thickening and rheological performance. The relative contributions of hydrophobic association, chain expansion, and polymer chain length are discussed. In steady shear flow, all thickener solutions approached some constant low-shear viscosity at small deformation rates. At the same molar composition, larger hydrophobe size resulted in higher viscosity development and greater shear thinning behavior. The amount of acid monomer in HASE polymers can influence the balance between hydrophobic attraction and electrostatic repulsion forces. It was found that a minimum of 15 wt% MAA was required to effect dissolution and thickening of the model HASE polymers. Increasing the MAA level yielded higher zero-shear viscosity and storage modulus G’ with maximal values being obtained at 40% MAA. The molecular weight of the model thickeners was controlled by the amount of chain transfer agent (CTA) added during polymerization. When the CTA level was below 0.1 wt% based on total monomers, the polymer solutions displayed shear-thinning behavior. A small increase in CTA concentration beyond 0.1% resulted in a dramatic change to Newtonian flow, and the solution viscosity was nearly two orders of magnitude lower. The model thickeners were also tested in a vinyl acrylic architectural paint formulation. The effects of each individual factor on paint thickener efficiency, high-shear, and low-shear properties are discussed and compared with solution rheology for predictive relationships. Presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, November 11–12, 2003, in Philadelphia, PA.     

新型螺杆挤出机熔体输送理论的研究

介绍了一种新型嵌套式螺杆挤出机。对熔体输送段进行了深入分析，把内螺杆的运动等效为螺杆轴的反向拖曳和螺棱的正向推力置换两部分作用，建立了对应的物理模型和数学模型，并得到了解析解。重点讨论了沿螺槽方向的流动和横向流动，并与普通单螺杆挤出机作对比，得到了螺杆和机筒同时旋转情况下的体积流率。结果表明，所建模型的解析解和文献中的实验数据较为吻合，当螺杆和机筒同时旋转时，熔体输送段的体积流率大大增加，横向流动和平行平板模型类似。     

Reactive rock phosphate fertilizers and soil testing for phosphorus: The effect of particle size of the rock phosphate

North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP) (highly carbonate—substituted apatite) was ground to produce three samples with different particle size distributions. The effectiveness of these fertilizers was compared with the effectiveness of superphosphate in a field experiment and three glasshouse experiments using lateritic soils from south-western Australia. Non-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit) was also used in the pot experiments. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil is widely used in Western Australia to predict plant yields from previously-applied fertilizer dressings. For both field and pot experiments bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (soil test value) was measured and related to subsequent plant yields.As calculated from the initial slope of the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, finely powdered NCRP was about 5–32% as effective as freshly-applied superphosphate in the year of application and also for two years after application in the field experiment, and for two successive crops in the three pot experiments. For both field and pot experiments, finely powdered NCRP, was at best, 1.5–2.0 times as effective as granular NCRP. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of rock phosphates usually decreased with increasing level of application.For each of the crops in the field experiment, the relationships between yield and phosphorus content of plants (i.e. internal efficiency curves) were similar for all fertilizers. Thus the low effectiveness of the rock phosphates relative to superphosphate was solely due to much less phosphorus being taken up by plants. By contrast, in the pot experiments internal efficiency curves differed for different fertilizers. This is attributed to differences in the rate of phosphorus uptake by plant roots during the early stages of plant growth.For both field and pot experiments, soil test calibrations (the relationship between yield and soil test value) differed for rock phosphates and superphosphate. For superphosphate, soil test calibrations also differed for the three different years after the initial application of this fertilizer in the field experiment. For the second crop in the pot experiment, soil test calibrations differed for superphosphate applied at different times (before the first and the second crop). These results point out the difficulty of applying soil testing procedures to soils that have experienced different histories of fertilizer application.     

振动力场对聚丙烯/硅灰石复合材料性能的影响

采用三螺杆动态混炼挤出机通过熔融共混制备了聚丙烯(PP)/硅灰石复合材料,研究了振动工艺参数对材料力学性能及微观形态结构的影响。结果表明,PP/硅灰石复合材料的力学性能对振动参数的响应并不是单调增加,而是存在一个最佳的响应范围。在这一范围内,其综合力学性能得到极大提高。     

周期性加热Poiseuille-Rayleigh-Benard流动中局部行波的研究

该文通过二维流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,研究了水平来流和周期性加热对腔体内流体的运动和动力学特性的影响。当相对瑞利数r(28)9时,随着水平来流雷诺数Re逐渐增加,腔体内的流体发生三种不同的运动,即局部对流运动、局部行波运动和水平流运动。对局部行波运动的周期pT进行研究,局部行波运动的稳定周期随水平来流雷诺数的增大而减小,随相对瑞利数的减小而减小;相对瑞利数越小,稳定周期随水平来流雷诺数变化的增长率越大。局部行波运动的区间(35)Re依赖水平来流雷诺数的强度,当水平来流雷诺数Re大于(35)Re的上限时流体为水平流运动,而当水平来流雷诺数Re小于(35)Re的下限时流体为局部对流运动;对于不同的相对瑞利数r,局部行波运动的区间(35)Re是不同的。随着水平来流雷诺数增大,发现腔体内上游行波区域对流圈的减少速度比下游行波区域更快。     

二维坡面雨洪水动力模型研究

由降雨产生的坡面洪水运动过程复杂,其可靠模拟仍有待深入。该文建立了基于浅水方程的二维坡面雨洪动力过程模拟的动力波模型,选用单坡、三阶坡面和复杂起伏多变坡面的雨洪运动为数值算例,进行了数值检验并与忽略惯性项的扩散波模型进行了对比分析。结果表明:动力波模型可以较好地模拟洪水过程,在峰现时间,洪峰水位的捕捉和退水过程等方面都表现出优良的特性;而且动力波模型在复杂坡面雨洪过程计算的适应性方面表现更佳。而扩散波模型在计算精度和稳定性方面都相对要差。虽然扩散波模型在单坡面算例中的计算精度也较高,但因受忽略惯性项的影响,退水过程有明显偏离。     

螺旋滚筒洗煤机的改造

介绍了螺旋滚筒洗煤机的组成、结构,工艺流程及工作原理,针对存在的问题进行了分析,并采取了相应的技术改造。改造后经过长时间、多个洗煤厂的检验,解决了螺旋滚筒洗煤机存在的技术问题,提高了洗后煤的煤质,避免了矸石含煤并减少了跑货现象,增加了洗煤量及经济效益,使洗煤生产达到了正常。     

微通道中两相流压降与传质的研究

以氮气和水为实验体系,采用均质混合模型,研究微混合器的微通道中两相流通过微通道的压降,并测定了两相流的传质系数.结果表明,微通道当量直径为95.2 μm,气体速率为1.089～4.355 m/s,液体速率为0.006 41～0.170 90 m/s的条件下,均质混合模型计算压降值与实测值吻合良好.气速为1.633～3.484 m/s,液速为0.025 6 m/s时,随着气速增加,传质系数呈递增的趋势.气速为1.633～3.484 m/s,液速为0.019 2 m/s时,随着气速增加,传质系数先增加后降低然后再增加.传质系数对液速变化更为敏感.     

A computational investigation of non-isothermal gas-solid flow in a U-bend

The non-isothermal gas-solid flow through a U-bend of a pneumatic conveying dryer system is calculated using the commercial CFD program Fluent 6.1. Steady-state, incompressible and non-isothermal gas-solid flows are employed to simulate the cases. Variables studied include: particle diameter, particle density, solid loading ratio, feed gas temperature, heat flux through the wall, gas velocity and bend radius ratio on heat transfer phenomena between gas and solid particles. Validation is done by comparing calculation results with the available experimental data provided by Baughn et al. [J.W. Baughn, H. Iacovides, D.C. Jackson, B.E. Launder, Local heat transfer measurements in turbulent flow around a 180° pipe bend, Journal of Heat Transfer 109 (1) (1987) 43-48] and Depew and Farbar [C.A. Depew, L. Farbar, Heat transfer to pneumatically conveyed glass particles of fixed size, Journal of Heat Transfer 85 (1963) 164-172].In general, data validations of both cases show good agreement. The gas temperature decreases and the solid temperature increases along the axial direction of the pipe due to transfer of heat from the gas phase to the solid phase. The gas temperature decreases significantly at the outer bend wall due to an accumulation of particles, which causes much more energy to be transferred from the gas to solid phases. At the inner bend wall, the gas temperature decreases slightly but the solid temperature increases significantly due to a low concentration of particles. A U-bend significantly increases the local and area average Nu numbers, but not the mass average Nu number. The slip velocity and particle distribution are the major factors influencing the value of the mass average Nu number.     

交流接触器温度场仿真及试验验证

将ANSYS有限元热分析应用到交流接触器热特性分析中,模仿其实际工作环境,构建交流接触器三维稳态热分析模型,确定热源、导热系数和表面散热系数,对接触器的稳态温度场进行分析;进一步改变施加的边界条件,研究不同散热方式下接触器的温度分布。最后对CJX2-0910型交流接触器进行温升试验,将温度场的仿真结果与试验结果比较,误差较小,表明所建立热分析模型的可行性。研究结果对接触器材料的选择、结构的设计及其性能的优化有重要意义。